1. Yield Overview
Yield varies significantly depending on:
- Tree species (A. malaccensis, A. crassna, hybrids)
- Tree age (older trees produce more resin)
- Induction method (mechanical, fungal, chemical, dual-action)
- Wound management and care
- Harvesting timing (12–36 months post-inoculation)
2. Resin Yield by Grade
| Grade | Resin Content (by weight of wood) | Wood Characteristics | Typical Yield Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chips | 5–15% | Moderate resin streaks, lighter density | Usually harvested from leftover pieces; moderate market value |
| Incense Grade | 10–20% | Aromatic but less dense, brown streaks | Suitable for burning directly; moderate price |
| Sinking Grade | 20–35% | Dense, dark brown/black, sinks in water | Premium incense and oil extraction; higher market value |
| Super Grade | 30–50%+ | Nearly fully resin-saturated, very dense, heavy | High-end perfumery, luxury incense; top-tier value |
Note: Yield is approximate; high variability exists due to tree genetics and induction efficiency.
3. Oil Yield Expectations
Oil yield depends on resin grade, extraction method, and distillation or supercritical technique:
| Grade | Oil Yield (v/w of resinous wood) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chips | 0.5–1% | Lower-quality, mixed resin content |
| Incense Grade | 1–2% | Moderate quality oil, suitable for incense perfumery |
| Sinking Grade | 3–5% | High-quality oil, richer in sesquiterpenes and chromones |
| Super Grade | 5–10%+ | Premium oil, highly aromatic; ideal for luxury perfumes |
Supercritical CO₂ extraction often enhances oil yield and purity, especially for sinking and super grade.
4. Factors Affecting Yield
- Resin concentration: Denser, darker resin = higher oil content.
- Harvest timing: Waiting too long can cause decay; harvesting too early reduces yield.
- Induction method: Dual-action inoculants (MnO₂ + Fusarium) or fungal + mechanical induction often produce higher resin content faster.
- Tree size & age: Older, mature trees yield more resin per wound site.
- Processing technique: Chip preparation, drying, and distillation method influence final oil recovery.
5. Best Practices to Maximize Yield
- Prioritize high-resin, sinking or super grade wood for oil extraction.
- Monitor resin formation indicators (color, scent, density) to harvest at optimal maturity.
- Use controlled distillation (steam, hybrid) or supercritical CO₂ extraction for premium oil.
- Maintain tree health post-inoculation to allow resin formation without loss due to stress or disease.
- Keep accurate yield records per grade to optimize plantation management and ROI modeling.