1. Habitat Structuring and Forest Composition
- Canopy & Understory Contribution:
Aquilaria trees, depending on species and age, can reach 10–40 m in height, contributing to forest stratification. Their presence adds complexity to both canopy and understory layers, supporting diverse flora and fauna.
- Niche Formation:
The trees create microhabitats for epiphytes, mosses, fungi, and understory shrubs. Dead wood and leaf litter contribute to soil fertility and structure.
2. Biodiversity Support
- Faunal Interactions:
- Flowers: Attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, and birds.
- Fruits: Feed birds, bats, and small mammals, aiding seed dispersal.
- Fungal Associations:
- Aquilaria species host endophytic fungi (e.g., Fusarium spp.), which play a role in resin formation and nutrient cycling.
- Symbiotic Role:
- Facilitate mycorrhizal associations, enhancing soil nutrient uptake and supporting neighboring plants.
3. Soil and Water Regulation
- Soil Stabilization:
- Deep root systems help prevent soil erosion, particularly on sloped terrain.
- Nutrient Cycling:
- Leaf litter and decayed wood enrich soil with organic matter.
- Hydrological Contribution:
- Canopy interception reduces surface runoff; root systems enhance groundwater infiltration.
4. Carbon Sequestration and Climate Regulation
- Carbon Storage:
- Medium to large Aquilaria trees store significant biomass carbon, contributing to forest carbon sinks.
- Climate Buffering:
- Their canopy moderates microclimate, reducing temperature extremes and maintaining humidity.
5. Role in Ecological Succession
- Pioneer vs. Climax Species:
- Some Aquilaria spp. are late-successional species, stabilizing mature forest ecosystems.
- Restoration Potential:
- Can be used in reforestation and agroforestry systems due to resilience and economic value, aiding in secondary forest recovery.
6. Threats to Ecological Role
- Overharvesting of Aquilaria reduces forest structural diversity, affecting dependent species.
- Habitat fragmentation can interrupt pollination and seed dispersal networks.
- Loss of trees diminishes soil and water regulation functions.
7. Key Takeaways
- Aquilaria trees are keystone components in tropical forest ecosystems.
- Support biodiversity through food, habitat, and symbiotic relationships.
- Contribute to carbon sequestration, soil stabilization, and microclimate regulation.
- Sustainable management is crucial to maintain forest resilience and ecosystem services.
