Here’s a detailed guide for demonstrating digital ledger transactions in an agarwood blockchain traceability system:
1. Purpose of Digital Ledger Transactions
A digital ledger (blockchain) records every action in the agarwood supply chain immutably and transparently, enabling:
- Traceability from plantation to consumer
- Verification of authenticity and legality
- Automation of payments and compliance via smart contracts
- Auditable ESG and sustainability reporting
2. Key Types of Ledger Transactions
| Transaction Type | Example in Agarwood Supply Chain |
|---|---|
| Batch Creation | Creating a digital twin for a harvested batch (batch ID, tree info, harvest date) |
| Data Recording | Logging inoculation, extraction, resin grade, lab test results |
| Certification Upload | Uploading CITES permits, e-certifications, ESG audit reports |
| NFT Minting | Creating NFT-backed certificate for authenticity and provenance |
| Ownership Transfer | Transferring NFT or batch ownership from farmer → exporter → buyer |
| Payment Execution | Smart contract triggers payment to farmer/cooperative upon verified compliance |
| Shipment Update | Updating location and storage conditions during transit |
| Consumer Verification | QR/NFC scan triggers read-only ledger query to verify authenticity |
3. Demonstration Workflow Example
Step 1: Batch Creation
Transaction ID: 0001
Type: Batch Creation
Details: Batch #27, Tree ID A123, Plantation GPS 10.123,15.456, Species Aquilaria malaccensis
Timestamp: 2025-11-14 10:05
Recorded by: Plantation IoT Gateway
Step 2: Data Logging
Transaction ID: 0002
Type: Data Recording
Details: Inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum, 15-Aug-2025, Expected resin formation
Timestamp: 2025-11-14 10:10
Recorded by: Farm Manager
Step 3: Certification Upload
Transaction ID: 0003
Type: Permit Upload
Details: CITES Permit #PH-2025-047, Verified Grade A
Timestamp: 2025-11-14 10:15
Recorded by: Regulatory Authority Node
Step 4: NFT Minting
Transaction ID: 0004
Type: NFT Minting
Details: NFT #OUD-00027, Links to Batch #27 digital twin, Owner: Farmer Cooperative Wallet
Timestamp: 2025-11-14 10:20
Recorded by: Blockchain Smart Contract
Step 5: Ownership Transfer
Transaction ID: 0005
Type: Ownership Transfer
Details: NFT #OUD-00027 transferred from Farmer Cooperative → Exporter ABC
Timestamp: 2025-11-14 10:25
Recorded by: Blockchain Smart Contract
Step 6: Payment Execution
Transaction ID: 0006
Type: Payment Execution
Details: 50% of batch sale price released to Farmer Cooperative
Trigger: NFT ownership verification
Timestamp: 2025-11-14 10:30
Recorded by: Smart Contract
4. Features of Ledger Transactions
- Immutable: Once recorded, transactions cannot be altered
- Traceable: Every batch has a chronological record of all actions
- Transparent: Stakeholders can verify transactions in real time
- Automated: Smart contracts can trigger payments or alerts based on conditions
- Linked to Digital Twins & NFTs: Connects physical batches with digital verification
5. Benefits of Demonstrating Ledger Transactions
| Stakeholder | Benefit |
|---|---|
| Farmers / Cooperatives | Transparent proof of work, timely payments |
| Exporters / Brands | Verifiable provenance, reduced fraud |
| Investors | Audit-ready ESG and ROI tracking |
| Regulators | Simplified monitoring of permits and compliance |
| Consumers | Assurance of authenticity and sustainable sourcing |
6. Summary
Digital ledger transactions in agarwood supply chains:
- Record all key activities from plantation to consumer
- Ensure immutable proof of authenticity and compliance
- Support smart contract automation for payments and batch verification
- Provide real-time traceability and transparency for stakeholders