Evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year is ideal.
Short dry seasons are tolerated but prolonged droughts can stress trees and reduce growth.
Irrigation Needs:
In areas with <1,500 mm annual rainfall, supplemental irrigation is recommended, especially for young plantations.
2. Elevation and Topography
Suitable Elevation: 0 – 1,000 m above sea level
Observations by Species:
Aquilaria malaccensis: Lowland to mid-elevation (0–600 m)
Aquilaria cumingiana: Up to 1,000 m
Topography:
Gently sloping to undulating terrain is ideal for drainage and soil stability.
Steep slopes may require soil erosion mitigation measures.
3. Temperature
Optimal Range: 22–32°C
Tolerance:
Can survive 15–35°C temporarily.
Extended cold (<15°C) or heat stress (>35°C) can reduce growth and resin formation.
Microclimate Benefit:
Shaded or partially shaded sites can buffer temperature extremes and promote resin production.
4. Wind
Moderate wind: Helps in air circulation, reduces fungal and pest buildup.
High wind areas: Risk of tree damage and limb breakage; windbreaks may be needed.
Micro-wind corridors: Can affect resin accumulation, as trees stressed by moderate wind may produce more resin.
5. Soil & Drainage
Soil Type: Well-drained sandy-loam to clay-loam; slightly acidic (pH 5.5–6.5)
Drainage: Waterlogging is detrimental; adequate slope or raised beds recommended
Organic Matter: Incorporating leaf litter and compost improves soil moisture retention and nutrient availability
6. Microclimate Considerations
Shading & Light:
Partial shade enhances survival in young stages.
Mature trees tolerate full sun but may benefit from intercropping or agroforestry.
Humidity:
High humidity (>70%) favors fungal colonization, which is critical for resin induction.
Temperature Buffering:
Planting near other trees or natural windbreaks moderates extremes, reducing stress.
7. Key Takeaways
Aquilaria prefers humid, tropical climates with well-distributed rainfall and moderate temperatures.
Low to mid-elevations (0–1,000 m) with good drainage are ideal.
Microclimatic factors such as partial shade, humidity, and wind protection can significantly influence resin formation and tree health.
Site selection is critical: rainfall, temperature, wind exposure, soil, and microclimate must be evaluated together for successful plantation and sustainable resin yield.
