1. Slope
- Optimal Range: 0–15% (gentle to moderate slopes)
- Impact on Cultivation:
- Gentle slopes reduce waterlogging risk and support root development.
- Steeper slopes (>15%) increase erosion risk and make mechanized planting and harvesting difficult.
- Management on Slopes:
- Contour planting along natural topography
- Terracing or raised beds for slopes >10%
- Ground cover plants to prevent soil erosion
2. Shade
- Light Requirement: Partial to full sunlight for mature trees; young seedlings benefit from 30–50% shade.
- Sources of Shade:
- Existing forest canopy
- Agroforestry trees (e.g., coconut, coffee, or nitrogen-fixing species)
- Benefits of Shade:
- Protects seedlings from extreme heat and wind stress
- Maintains microclimate humidity, favorable for resin-inducing fungi
3. Accessibility
- Importance: Ensures efficient operations for:
- Planting, irrigation, fertilization
- Resin induction and harvesting
- Transport of chips, oil, or raw wood to processing facilities
- Assessment Criteria:
- Roads or trails suitable for trucks or farm vehicles
- Proximity to main roads or ports for export logistics
- Sufficient space for equipment storage and processing areas
- Improvement Measures:
- Construct or maintain farm roads with proper drainage
- Use all-weather access routes in areas with high rainfall
4. Water Sources
- Requirements:
- Adequate rainfall (1,500–3,000 mm/year) is essential, but supplemental irrigation is required in dry months.
- Reliable water source for nurseries, young plantations, and irrigation during dry periods.
- Potential Sources:
- Rivers, streams, or springs
- Rainwater catchment and storage tanks
- On-site reservoirs or ponds
- Considerations:
- Ensure water access without negatively impacting local ecosystems
- Use water-efficient irrigation methods such as drip or furrow irrigation
5. Integrated Land Assessment Matrix
| Factor | Optimal Condition | Notes / Management |
|---|---|---|
| Slope | 0–15% | Contour planting, terracing, erosion control if steeper |
| Shade | 30–50% for seedlings; full sun for mature trees | Use intercropping or natural canopy |
| Accessibility | Farm roads accessible to vehicles | Include drainage and safe transport routes |
| Water Sources | Reliable source; supplemental irrigation if needed | Rainwater harvesting or irrigation systems |
6. Key Takeaways
- Site selection is critical for tree growth, resin production, and operational efficiency.
- Gentle slopes, adequate shade, good access, and water availability maximize survival and economic returns.
- Integrating agroforestry or companion species improves microclimate, soil fertility, and ecological sustainability.