1. What Are Stress Ions?
Stress ions are minerals like manganese (Mn²⁺), iron (Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺), and other trace metals that can create mild stress inside the tree.
- They don’t produce resin directly
- They trigger the tree’s defense system
- Often applied via chemical elicitors in drilled holes
2. Role of Manganese (Mn²⁺)
- Acts as a cofactor in enzyme reactions
- Helps produce oxidative stress signals
- Boosts secondary metabolites like sesquiterpenes
- Enhances resin polymerization
Farmer tip:
Use in low concentration; excess Mn can burn tissues.
3. Role of Iron (Fe³⁺ / Fe²⁺)
- Important in oxidation–reduction reactions
- Strengthens the tree’s reactive oxygen burst
- Supports chromone formation
- Helps the tree maintain localized defense
Farmer tip:
Combine with wounding; avoid dripping on leaves.
4. Other Stress Ions
- Calcium (Ca²⁺), Magnesium (Mg²⁺), Zinc (Zn²⁺) can also act as stress signals
- Promote cell wall reinforcement and resin deposition
- Help the tree isolate wounded areas
5. Why Controlled Dose Matters
| Ion | Function | Risk if Overused |
|---|---|---|
| Manganese | Enzyme cofactor, oxidative stress | Tissue necrosis, leaf drop |
| Iron | ROS signaling, chromone support | Local burn, tree death |
| Calcium/Zinc | Structural support, resin formation | Weak tissue or toxicity |
6. How Farmers Use Stress Ions
- Drill small holes in the trunk
- Inject a diluted solution of Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, or combined ions
- Seal hole to prevent contamination
- Monitor for resin zone development over months
- Combine with microbial inoculation for best quality resin
Farmer Key Message
“Stress ions tell the tree: defend yourself.
The tree responds by making resin — the more carefully we apply, the better the resin.”